Morse Code SOS Signaling and Distress Signals

SOS is three short signals, three long signals, three short signals. In morse: dot-dot-dot, dash-dash-dash, dot-dot-dot. Repeating this sequence continuously identifies an emergency. Each signal should be evenly spaced. A short signal lasts about 1 second. A long signal (dash) lasts about 3 seconds. Leave 1 second between signals and 3 seconds between pattern repetitions.

Use a flashlight, mirror, or any reflective object. Point light toward potential rescuers. Transmit: three quick flashes (short), three long flashes (long), three quick flashes (short). Pause, then repeat. Mirror signals work during daylight and can be seen from aircraft at great distances. Aim sunlight reflection at the horizon or directly at spotted aircraft. At night, use any light source with consistent on/off control.

Maintain signaling for at least 30 seconds to be recognized. Do not stop immediately when you see a response.

Use a whistle, horn, or voice. Three short blasts or sounds (about 1 second each), three long blasts (about 3 seconds each), three short blasts. Space signals by 1 second. International standard is three of anything in quick succession = distress signal. Whistles carry much farther than voice. A safety whistle works reliably in all weather and doesn't deplete your voice.

If signaling aircraft or ground rescuers: Arrange rocks, logs, or cloth to spell letters or create symbols. X means medical emergency. SOS is universal. Arrow points indicate direction of travel. Make symbols large and contrasting. Use bright colors or reflective materials. Lay symbols on open ground visible from above.

MAYDAY (three times) is radio distress. PAN PAN is urgent but not immediate danger. SECURITE is warning signal. Red flares = maritime distress. Two-way radio emergency frequency: 121.5 MHz (aviation), 156.8 MHz (marine). If no radio, continue SOS signals. Waving both arms = need help. Raising one arm then lowering = do not approach.

False distress signals waste rescue resources and are illegal in most jurisdictions.

Create a whistle from wood or bone. Use a tin can with pebbles as a noise maker. Strike rocks together rhythmically. Stretch cloth between branches to create visual target. Build signal fires (three fires in triangle = distress). Use smoke signals by day, bright flames by night. A mirror can be improvised from water, metal, or reflective packaging.